The Plight of Persistently Disciplined Students: Examining Frequent Flyers and the Conversion of Office Discipline Referrals into Suspensions

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Richard O. Welsh and Luis A. Rodriguez
Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis
March 2024

Citation:

Richard O. Welsh and Luis Rodrigues, "The Plight of Persistently Disciplined Students: Examining Frequent Flyers and the Conversion of Office Discipline Referrals into Suspensions," Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis (Vol. 46, no. 1) pp. 160-170. Copyright © 2023 (The Author(s)). DOI: 10.3102/01623737231155155.

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Abstract

Racial inequality in exclusionary discipline is a salient educational equity issue. The implications of educators’ discretion in administering discipline and the complexity of repeated office discipline referrals (ODRs) and suspensions are reflected in school discipline policy debates nationwide. This brief uses New York City to learn more about persistently disciplined students. Black students are more likely to be persistently referred than other students. The disparities in the students who are persistently suspended are not as stark as the disparities in the students who are persistently referred. School characteristics play an essential role in predicting persistently disciplined students and the findings reinforce the value of teachers’ diversity and experience and school climate for reducing racial inequality in school discipline.

Keywords

school discipline, suspensions, persistently disciplined students, frequent flyers

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In-School as the Suspension of Choice: Nationwide Prevalence