Deeper blues illustrate states with higher disparities for in-school suspension for Black students over white students.

For almost every disciplinary metric, there is racial disparity. In every region of the United States, Black students are subjected to punitive measures, from referrals to expulsions, at rates over and above their peers. In 2015-2016 , when all students lost 11 million days of instruction from suspension, Black students lost nearly 5 times the number of days as white students. Rather than these punitive experiences arising from student behavior, a body of research, including that of SDL and our affiliates, demonstrates that discrepancies arise from administrative and high-level policy, processes, and philosophies. SDL is focused on better understanding the systemic drivers of such disparities and disseminating research to shape the way district and school leaders think about and approach the persistent inequities in school discipline.